Enhanced Quadratic Interpolation Optimization: Resilient Management of Multi-Carrier Energy Hubs with Hydrogen Vehicles

Energy management of multi-carrier energy hubs (MCEHs) is a challenging task, particularly when fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) stations are included, due to the stochastic nature of FCEV demand, system loads, and integrated renewable energy resources (RERs) such as wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper aims to optimize the energy management of an MCEH-based microgrid to simultaneously minimize total operating costs and emissions. To this end, a novel enhanced quadratic interpolation optimization (EQIO) algorithm is proposed. The proposed EQIO algorithm incorporates two key improvements: a best-to-mean quasi-oppositional-based learning (BMQOBL) strategy and an evaluation mutation (EM) strategy. The performance of EQIO is evaluated using the CEC 2022 benchmark functions, and the obtained results are compared with those of other optimization techniques. Three case studies are investigated: (i) energy management of the MCEH microgrid without RERs, (ii) sustainable operation (with RERs), and (iii) sustainable operation with RERs combined with the application of demand-side response (DSR). Moreover, the proposed framework explicitly supports long-term sustainability goals by enhancing renewable energy utilization, reducing the carbon footprint, and promoting cleaner transportation through efficient integration of FCEV infrastructure. The results demonstrate that integrating RERs reduces operating costs and emissions by 51.47% and 59.69%, respectively, compared to the case without RERs. Furthermore, the combined application of RERs and DSR achieves cost and emission reductions of 55.26% and 53.93%, respectively, compared to the case without RERs.