Household Energy Access, Energy Poverty, and Energy Stacking in the Context of South Africa’s Energy Transition

Energy poverty remains a persistent challenge in South Africa, despite relatively high levels of electricity access in urban townships. This study investigates household energy consumption patterns, energy-related challenges, and community perceptions of renewable energy in South Africa. In this study, a quantitative research design was employed, using a structured questionnaire administered to households selected from both electrified and non-electrified areas. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 30). The findings demonstrated that although electricity is widely used for basic services such as cooking and lighting, many households continue to rely on multiple fuels to meet their daily energy needs. This practice of energy stacking reflects ongoing concerns about affordability, reliability, and safety, and highlights that access to electricity alone does not guarantee energy security. Households also report significant financial pressure from energy costs, as well as health and fire risks associated with the use of unsafe alternative fuels. While awareness of renewable energy is present within the community, knowledge levels are uneven and not strongly associated with demographic factors, suggesting the need for more inclusive and targeted engagement strategies. Overall, the study demonstrates that energy poverty in urban South African townships extends beyond physical grid connection and is shaped by complex socio-economic and safety considerations. By foregrounding community perspectives, this research contributes to the international literature on multidimensional energy poverty and supports the design of integrated, people-centered interventions that advance affordable, reliable, and clean energy transitions in the Global South.