Aspiring Sustainable Lighting in Urban Marine Areas: A Review of Key Factors for a Wildlife-Friendly Lighting Design, with a Focus on Daytime and Nighttime

From an ecological perspective, sustainable lighting in urban marine areas requires striking a balance between meeting human needs and protecting marine ecosystems from the harmful effects of disrupting natural light regimes. While managing artificial lighting is crucial, we argue that preventing obstructions to light penetration into the water is as important, as many marine organisms depend on the euphotic zone. This study intends to review the key factors for the implementation of wildlife-friendly lighting design in the urban marine environment, as the subject is explored in ecological studies but scarcely discussed in urban studies. An integrative literature review and cases are employed to synthesise evidence about changes to the light regime in urban marine areas from four perspectives: light reach, intensity, spectrum, and duration. The cases present measures implemented to benefit marine species affected by alterations to the light regime following urbanisation in a way that they could still thrive in a modified built environment. In discussion, it is acknowledged that achieving sustainable lighting in urban marine areas is a multifaceted challenge involving concurrent influencing factors, including a shared agency between humans and non-humans, which may require comprehensive lighting designs that are tailored to specific goals and target species.