Multilevel Governance of Urban Climate Adaptation in the European Union: An Overview

Europe is warming faster than the global average, making climate change adaptation a central concern for urban policy and planning. This article develops and applies an analytical framework to assess the maturity of multilevel adaptation governance across European Union Member States as of 2025. Governance is operationalised through eight dimensions: (i) National Adaptation Strategies/Plans; (ii) Regional Adaptation Plans; (iii) Local Adaptation Plans; (iv) Sectoral Adaptation Plans; (v) integration in National Urban Policies; (vi) adaptive content in Long-Term Strategies; (vii) adaptation relevance in climate laws; and (viii) participation in the Covenant of Mayors. The results reveal pronounced heterogeneity: many Member States have up-to-date national strategies but display incomplete territorial diffusion, weak legal anchoring, or limited urban policy standards. By linking auditable rules to urban-facing instruments, this study offers a practical tool for benchmarking governance capacities, prioritising reforms, and tracking progress towards integrated, multilevel adaptation systems that support resilient urban development across the European Union.