Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5, NO2, and BC Exposure on Adults and Children in Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental health hazard. This study evaluates the health risks of air pollution exposure in the megacity Karachi, Pakistan, using the cigarette-equivalent technique developed previously for translating air pollution exposure into passive cigarette equivalents. Sampling of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon (BC) was performed at various fixed locations throughout the four seasons of the year. We evaluated the health risks of pollutants exposure using four different health endpoints including low birth weight (
Fields of Study & Subjects
Air Quality and Health Impacts
Energy and Environment Impacts
COVID-19 impact on air quality
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Urban Science
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97–97
- Publication date
- 4 February 2026
- Language
- EN