Concentration- and Time-Dependent Virucidal Responses of Major Transboundary Animal Disease Viruses to Disinfectants

Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) pose persistent threats to global livestock production, and chemical disinfection remains a critical component of biosecurity. However, virucidal efficacy is commonly assessed using single-condition endpoints, limiting comparative interpretation across biologically heterogeneous viruses. In this study, an experimental framework explicitly structured across virus species, disinfectant concentration, and contact time was applied to systematically compare virucidal response patterns across four major TAD viruses—avian influenza virus, African swine fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and lumpy skin disease virus. Four representative disinfectant active ingredients from distinct chemical classes were evaluated across multiple concentrations and defined contact times using quantitative suspension assays. Virucidal efficacy was quantified using log10 reduction values, and critical concentrations required to achieve ≥4 log10 reduction were derived for comparative analysis. Distinct concentration–response profiles were observed among disinfectant classes, with some ingredients showing relatively consistent activity across viruses, while others exhibited pronounced virus-specific thresholds. Notably, enveloped viruses did not uniformly display higher susceptibility, and extension of contact time enhanced efficacy predominantly in an ingredient-dependent manner. To integrate these multifactorial outcomes at the virus level, a quartile-based analysis was applied, providing a conservative indicator of relative viral resistance across disinfectants and exposure conditions. Overall, these findings demonstrate that virucidal susceptibility is shaped by interactions between disinfectant chemistry and exposure parameters, and support concentration–time-resolved, pattern-based evaluation frameworks—supplemented by quartile-based resistance ranking—beyond single-condition endpoints for assessing disinfectant efficacy against animal viruses.