Vaccination with an African Swine Fever Virus Multiepitope Protein Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Subunit Vaccine Elicits Robust Immune Responses In Vivo

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), is a highly contagious virus affecting both domestic and feral pig populations with mortality rates approaching 100% within one week of infection. Currently, there are limited treatments or vaccines available to control the disease. Although ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, the virus has also spread widely, reaching regions of the European Union, Russia, China, Southeast Asia, and, more recently, to the Dominican Republic and Haiti, bringing the threat closer to the United States (U.S.). ASF introduction to the U.S. would have severe consequences for swine producers and the national pork industry. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective vaccine strategies to manage ongoing outbreaks abroad and mitigate the risk of future ASF incursions. Recent efforts have identified several ASFV epitopes and evaluated them in experimental vaccine trials. However, these vaccine candidates have elicited limited protective immune responses and have not demonstrated full protective efficacy. METHODS: In this study, we employed in silico modeling and epitope prediction tools to design a synthetic multiepitope ASF protein incorporating key immunogenic regions of ASFV. The goal was to generate a single-antigen construct capable of inducing broad and robust immune responses when formulated with an established nanoparticle-based vaccine platform. The multiepitope ASF protein was subsequently expressed and entrapped into mannose-conjugated chitosan (M-CS) nanoparticles for vaccine formulation. The candidate vaccine, formulated with M-CS nanoparticle-entrapped adjuvant (ADU S100), was administered intramuscularly to pigs, and both T- and B-cell responses were assessed following the primary (DPV 22) and booster (DPV 42) doses. RESULTS: Our M-CS ASF protein vaccine elicited antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses, both of which are recognized as central correlates of protection against ASFV. CONCLUSIONS: These promising preliminary immunological findings suggest that this nanoparticle vaccine has the potential to confer protection against ASFV challenge, a hypothesis that will be examined in future studies.