Comparative olfactory and behavioral response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (H. molitrix) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to chemical stimuli

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (H.molitrix), and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), collectively "invasive carp," represent an ongoing management problem in the Mississippi and Missouri River basins of North America.Development of strategies to control their populations are also ongoing.As a follow-up to previous research, we tested two amino acids and an amino acid-based commercial feeding stimulant as olfactory stimulants that may attract or repel these species.We employed a two-pronged approach to test how invasive carp respond to the olfactory stimulants, using an electro-olfactogram (EOG) to measure olfactory response and a tank with a stimulant in one half to test behavioral response.Consistent with previous research, we found grass carp had a higher magnitude of EOG response to stimulants compared to bighead and, marginally, silver carp.Bighead, silver, and black carp did not differ from each other in EOG response.Grass carp produced significantly greater lysine and a marginally greater alanine EOG response than bighead and silver carp and significantly greater commercial feeding stimulant response than bighead carp.Black carp had marginally greater lysine response than bighead carp.In the behavioral tests, grass carp generally avoided the stimuli tested, while bighead carp were generally attracted to stimuli.Neither black nor silver carp showed a clear attraction or avoidance toward the stimuli tested.To further evaluate these solutions for management applications additional testing in ponds or open water may be necessary.