Epidemiology of lower extremity edema in chronic non-communicable diseases: a global comparative analysis

Background. Lower extremity edema (LEE) is a common symptom in chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), impairing quality of life and increasing economic burden. Materials and methods. Data from 45 sources (2018-2024), including national registries, clinical trials, and meta-analyses (n > 1,000 patients), were analyzed. The inclusion criteria: presence of LEE diagnostic criteria; stratification by sex, age, and disease. Results. LEE prevalence varies: it accounts for 30-80% in chronic heart failure, 15-50% in chronic kidney disease, and 30-80% in chronic venous insufficiency. The risk factors include age >70 years (OR 3.5), female sex (OR 2.0), and low socioeconomic status (OR 1.5). Economic burden is 0.5-2.5% of healthcare expenditures. Conclusion. Unified diagnostic and preventive protocols taking into account regional features are necessary.