A relação da neurofisiologia com a patologia das síndromes extrapiramidais

Introduction. The Extrapyramidal system is involved in involuntary motor execution. For this purpose, various cortical and non-cortical structures are formed for motor planning and execution, integrating it together with the Pyramidal system. This integration has contributed to the discovery of new functions and structures in the classic extrapyramidal constitution, highlighting new cerebellar cognitive applications and the involvement of mirror neurons in the premotor cortex. Thus, in order to highlight the clinical repercussions of each of the extrapyramidal parts involved, we propose a review of the terminology of the Extrapyramidal system and a presentation of the clinical disorders of cortical and non-cortical structures. Objective. Present a review of the relationship between the physiology of the Extrapyramidal system and the disorders involved in this structure, covering first its neurophysiological relationship so that, based on this, the clinical repercussions of lesions in the Thalamus, Cerebellum, Base Nuclei and cerebral cortex can be presented. Method. This is a Narrative Review of the physiology of the Extrapyramidal system and its clinical repercussions based on cortical and non-cortical structures. Results. It has been found that the subdivision of the Extrapyramidal system into cortical and non-cortical regions clarifies the influence of cortico-subcortical circuits on motor, cognitive and behavioral controls; highlighting the role of the Base Nuclei, Thalamus, Cerebellum and cortical areas in the genesis of extrapyramidal symptoms. Conclusion. It can be concluded that there is a need to recognize extrapyramidal physiology and the division of the Extrapyramidal system into cortical and non-cortical areas in order to understand its influence on the motor system.