Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders in adolescents exhibit a complex pathophysiology influenced by genetic, hormonal, psychological, and environmental factors. This study conducted an integrative review to compile the most recent updates on the pathophysiology of these disorders in adolescents. METHODOLOGY: The research was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane and Medline databases, covering articles published between 2020 and 2024. Nineteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, focusing on the pathophysiological aspects of disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder (BED). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Findings indicate a significant influence of genetic and epigenetic factors, with substantial heritability observed in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and specific epigenetic alterations associated with BED. Hormonal regulation is also crucial, with peptides such as asprosin and apelin-13 being linked to anorexia symptoms. Psychological factors, including emotional regulation and body confidence, also play a significant role. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the pathophysiology of eating disorders in adolescents is multifactorial and requires an integrated approach for better understanding and treatment. Future studies should focus on interventions that address these diverse influences, aiming to prevent and treat these disorders in young populations effectively.