A Biomass-Inspired Hydrogel Patch for Intelligent Pain Monitoring and On-Demand Analgesia

The development of efficacious pain management strategies remains a pivotal challenge, requiring the creation of sustainable, biomass-derived interfaces for real-time techniques. Existing assessment approaches are either invasive, rendering them inappropriate for extended home-based monitoring, or dependent on patient-reported subjective evaluations. In this study, we fabricated a multifunctional biomass-inspired polydopamine-based hydrogel (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]/polyacrylamide [PAM]/lithium chloride [LiCl]/polydopamine [PDA]/lidocaine hydrochloride [LiH]) wearable patch. Encapsulating lidocaine, a local anesthetic, this biomass-composite patch integrated pain-sensing-assisted assessment and treatment functionalities. It exhibited remarkable properties, including good stretchability (534.22%), low modulus (0.044 kPa), fine tissue adhesion (1.82 kPa), high conductivity (3.90 S m −1 ), rapid self-healing ability, and antibacterial properties. The patch enabled accurate sensing of diverse motion-related signals. Combined with deep learning algorithms, patients diagnosed with scapulohumeral periarthritis and lumbar diseases were recruited as volunteers for pain signal monitoring and evaluation (accuracy rate ~100%). Moreover, the hydrogel patch prolonged local photothermal analgesia in paw withdrawal threshold (>31% vs. Ctrl) and cumulative pain score (