Zoonotic nematodes in amazonian fish from Pará, Brazil: literature analysis and associated public health risks

This study aimed to map the occurrence of zoonotic nematodes in native fish from the Pará region of the Brazilian Amazon through the analysis of secondary data obtained from the scientific literature. The review included 15 studies—comprising articles, monographs, and theses—totaling 53 records with information on parasites, hosts, sampling sites, and infected organs. Data were systematized in spreadsheets and spatialized using QGIS software. A significant occurrence of zoonotic nematodes was observed, with particular emphasis on the genera Contracaecum, Anisakis, and Eustrongylides. Most records were from wild environments, suggesting underreporting or a lack of studies focused on fish farms. Carnivorous and large-bodied species, such as Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and B. rousseauxii, showed higher infection rates, indicating their important role in maintaining parasitic life cycles. Contracaecum sp. was the parasite with the greatest host diversity, revealing high adaptability and zoonotic potential. Larvae were identified in various anatomical structures, including muscle tissue, posing a risk to public health, especially in contexts involving the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The highest concentration of cases occurred in the Northeastern Pará and Marajó regions, areas known for their strong fishing traditions and high fish consumption. The findings reinforce the need for regional strategies in sanitary surveillance, health education, and fish quality control. The systematization of these data represents a relevant tool to support prevention and control actions, as well as future research on zoonotic parasitoses in Amazonian environments.