CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF PROSTATE CANCER: REVIEW ARTICLE

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men globally.In anatomically, the prostate is a small, walnut-sized exocrine gland situated within the lesser pelvis, positioned between the urinary bladder and the urogenital diaphragm in close proximity to the external urethral sphincter.In theoretically, Genetic alterations influence both susceptibility to PCa and the propensity for aggressive tumor phenotypes.It is estimated that approximately 15-17% of men with PCa harbor germline mutations, most frequently involving pathogenic variants in BRCA2 (5%), CHEK2 (2%), ATM (2%), and BRCA1 (1%).This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of prostate cancer, encompassing current approaches to diagnosis, underlying pathogenic mechanisms, disease progression, and therapeutic strategies.Diagnostic evaluation of prostate cancer commonly involves prostatespecific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination, and histopathological assessment through prostate biopsy.Management of metastatic or recurrent disease typically includes androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), chemotherapy, and salvage radiotherapy; however, prostate cancer remains largely incurable despite these interventions.Increasing evidence suggests that multimodal treatment approaches offer improved clinical outcomes compared with monotherapy.Consequently, ongoing research is focused on the development of alternative and emerging therapeutic strategies, such as gene-based therapies, traditional and complementary medicine, and nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems, with the aim of overcoming treatment resistance and minimizing therapy-related adverse effects.