LEARNING COMMUNITIES AS SPACES OF INTEGRATION AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT FOR UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN GERMANY

This article explores the role of grassroots learning communities in Germany as catalysts for the integration and civic engagement of Ukrainian refugees following the russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The study is based on a qualitative multiple case study approach and examines ten voluntary associations and civic initiatives operating in different federal states of Germany. The research aims to identify how informal and non-formal learning environments contribute to the development of language competence, social connections, democratic values, and active citizenship among refugees. The theoretical framework combines Ager and Strang’s integration model with contemporary theories of active citizenship and democratic learning. The findings demonstrate that learning communities provide accessible and flexible spaces for participation, where refugees not only acquire language and cultural knowledge but also engage in social and civic activities. These activities include language courses, peer-to-peer learning, cultural events, information sessions, and civic initiatives such as volunteering, fundraising, and advocacy. The study identifies three main types of learning communities: German-led, mixed German-Ukrainian, and Ukrainian-led grassroots initiatives. Each type contributes differently to integration processes, offering various levels of institutional support, cultural mediation, and community bonding. The results highlight that Ukrainian-led initiatives play a particularly significant role in fostering civic engagement and empowerment. The article concludes that learning communities are essential actors in promoting integration, social cohesion, and democratic participation. It emphasizes the need for policy support, sustainable funding, and further research to enhance their long-term impact. Further research should focus on the long-term impact of learning communities on the social integration and civic participation of Ukrainian refugees in Germany. Key words: Integration; learning communities; Ukrainian refugees; active citizenship; civic engagement; informal learning.