Volume Status and Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness

Background : The annually increasing number of surgical procedures worldwide makes the issue of adequate perioperative fluid therapy controversial. In the operating room, patients are exposed to various anesthetic and surgical factors, while their hemodynamics constantly change due to surgical trauma, blood loss, and other factors. Therefore, the question of the necessity of intraoperative fluid therapy remains particularly critical. Objective : To analyze various methods for assessing a patient’s volume status and predicting their response to fluid therapy. Materials and methods : The publication search was conducted independently by two researchers using databases and electronic libraries, including PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and eLibrary. Following the selection process, the 40 most informative publications were identified, which formed the basis of this review. Results : This review describes static hemodynamic parameters, functional tests (mini-fluid challenge, passive leg raise, and end-expiratory occlusion test), and dynamic diagnostic methods (pulse pressure variation, systolic pressure variation and stroke volume variation, inferior vena cava collapsibility index, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, respiratory variation of peak systolic velocity, corrected carotid flow time, and internal jugular vein distensibility index). Numerous studies have demonstrated the superior predictive value of dynamic methods compared to static parameters; however, no universal diagnostic method currently exists. Conclusion : The search for the optimal combination of methods to assess a patient’s volume status and predict their response to fluid therapy remains a subject for further research.