HAJJ MANAGEMENT MODELS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA USING SCOPUS AI ANALYTICS

The management of the hajj pilgrimage presents one of the most complex logistical and organizational challenges in the world, involving millions of pilgrims in a confined geographical area within a limited timeframe. Despite numerous technological and managerial innovations such as RFID-enabled tracking, e-Hajj systems, AI-based crowd management and blockchain-supported healthcare logistics. These current practices remain fragmented and lack a comprehensive framework that integrates operational efficiency with the spiritual, cultural and social dimensions of the pilgrimage. Addressing this gap, the aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of hajj management models and propose directions for future research that align technological integration with Islamic perspectives and sustainable practices. Using Scopus AI Analytics, the review synthesizes evidence through a systematic exploration of academic literature, including summaries, expanded summaries, concept mapping, topic expert identification and emerging theme analysis. The findings highlight four consistent research trajectories: (i) technological integration through AI, IoT and machine learning for predictive crowd and health management; (ii) supply chain frameworks adapted for resource allocation and service delivery; (iii) Islamic perspectives emphasizing Maqasid al-Syariah, financial stewardship and conflict resolution; and (iv) holistic models that incorporate pilgrim well-being, education and inclusivity. These insights suggest that while significant progress has been made in addressing operational challenges, future research should focus on developing integrative frameworks that unify technology, governance and spirituality. The study contributes both theoretically by situating hajj management within interdisciplinary management discourse and practically by offering policymakers, hajj authorities and service providers actionable guidance for safer, more efficient and spiritually enriching pilgrim experiences.