Spatio-temporal Coordinated Restoration for Multi-voltage-level Power Systems During Wind Storms

Among disasters that may lead to large-scale black-outs of power systems, wind storms introduce spatio-temporal variations in restoration security risks, making large-scale power system restoration more difficult. Power system restoration during wind storms requires coordinated efforts among the regional independent system operators, transmission system operators, and distribution system operators. However, existing research mainly focuses on the coordination between transmission system operators and distribution system operators, which limits its applicability to large-scale blackouts caused by wind storms. Therefore, a spatio-temporal coordinated restoration method based on restoration security risk assessment for multi-voltage-level power systems (MVLPSs) is proposed in this paper. Typhoons, known for their high wind speeds and destructive power, are considered as the disaster scenario. First, a spatio-temporal restoration security risk assessment approach is proposed to reduce additional control costs caused by restoration security risks. Then, a spatio-temporal coordinated restoration framework for MVLPSs is established, and a triple-level optimization model for the spatio-temporal coordinated restoration of MVLPSs is proposed to maximize the net restoration benefits of MVLPSs during the full-stage restoration process. Finally, case studies on an actual 379-bus MVLPS in China are conducted to verify that the proposed method can achieve higher net restoration benefits compared with existing restoration methods.