A Comprehensive Review of Temperature Monitoring and Cold-Chain Integrity Across IoT in Vaccine Storage

Cold chain monitoring is a system that uses technology to monitor and maintain the temperature required for the storage and preservation of temperature-sensitive goods such as food and medicines. This paper summaries the effects and relation between vaccines and temperature and discuss the wide range of technologies used in the implementation of cold chain monitoring. While vaccines require temperatures between 2°C and 8°C to remain potent, maintaining this temperature throughout the vaccine supply chain is challenging. Technologies such as digital data loggers (DDLs), calibrated thermometers, and wireless sensors are used to monitor temperature by obtaining real-time readings and implementing corrective responses when temperatures exceed the optimal range. Therefore, fluctuations in the measured temperature relative to the optimal temperature directly affect the vaccine and its effectiveness.