Del Genoma a la Cognición: Revisión de los Trastornos Cognitivos y sus Convergencias Moleculares

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive disorders encompass a broad spectrum of clinical conditions thataffect higher mental functions such as memory, language, attention, perception, and executiveplanning. They manifest in clinical pictures such as dementias, neurodevelopmental disabilities,psychoses, and rare diseases with an altered cognitive phenotype. Their classification, etiology,and treatment represent significant challenges for current medicine. OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes the main clinical groups, the implicated genes, the relevantenvironmental factors, the analysis of functional networks (interactomes), and the chromosomaldisorders associated with these syndromes, with an emphasis on advances in neurogeneticsand molecular biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed database was used for the literature search, ELICITfor the deep search of articles, and STRING to analyze protein and gene interactions. RESULTS: The review of some of the genetic and chromosomal diseases yields a list of cognitivedisorders and the genes related to these disorders, which are shown in tables. DISCUSSION: Being a review article, the entire text is structured as ideas and theoreticalsupport that explain cognitive disorders and the related genes. CONCLUSIONS: A public agenda must exist that includes prevention policies, genetic andepigenetic screening, access to evidence-based therapies, and educational programs focusedon inclusion and neurodiversity.