Bioactive Collagen Peptides Derived from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skin and Their Anti-Aging Effects on Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Skin aging is a complex biological process characterized by a gradual decline in the structural integrity and physiological functions of the skin, leading to wrinkles and loss of elasticity. Collagen, the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a crucial role in maintaining skin strength and resilience. This article reviews the promising potential of bioactive collagen peptides derived from aquaculture by-products, specifically the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as effective anti-aging agents. Special focus is given to the mechanisms of action of these peptides at the level of human dermal fibroblasts, the primary cells responsible for collagen synthesis. The review discusses extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis methods, the physicochemical properties of the resulting peptides, their effect on type I collagen synthesis, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), modulation of key cellular signaling pathways such as TGF-β and NF-κB, and their antioxidant activity. The collective evidence suggests that collagen peptides from rainbow trout skin are a valuable functional ingredient for cosmetic and nutraceutical applications and demonstrate high potential for the valorization of fishery by-products.