e2AFH: Enhanced Informed Exploration for Adaptive Frequency Hopping

Wireless network technologies are extensively utilized across a wide range of applications. The 2.4 GHz ISM band, in particular, is shared by multiple wireless protocols, including Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). While robust technologies such as Wi-Fi are generally resilient to interference, BLE is more susceptible to performance degradation due to coexistence with other networks. This vulnerability is especially pronounced in congested environments, where overlapping transmissions often lead to significant packet loss and unreliable communication. Numerous studies have explored methods to enhance the packet delivery ratio (PDR) of BLE under interference. However, most existing solutions either assume static interference conditions or rely on overly simplistic mechanisms that fail to address real-world dynamics. In this paper, we propose a configurable hybrid approach that adapts to static, dynamic, and mixed interference scenarios, while remaining lightweight enough for deployment on embedded devices. Experimental results show that the proposed method, which introduces only 216 bytes of additional FLASH memory compared to its predecessor (eAFH), achieves an average PDR of 99.19% in static environments and 98.64% in dynamic conditions.