Artificial Gravity Systems for Multi-Planetary Habitation: Engineering Solutions for Low-Gravity Worlds

Human colonization of celestial bodies with insufficient gravity faces critical physiological barriers, including 1-2% monthly bone loss, 20-30% muscle atrophy over six months, and cardiovascular deconditioning. This paper examines engineering solutions for artificial gravity generation across three environments: space orbits (0g), planetary surfaces (0.17-0.38g), and exoplanets with atmospheres. We analyze rotating habitat systems, centrifuge modules, and hybrid approaches. Our analysis demonstrates that orbital rotating habitats can provide complete 1g environments for populations of 100-10,000 using mature technology. Planetary surface rotation proves physically impractical due to gravitational vector addition, though centrifuge sleep chambers may provide partial protection. Dense atmospheres preclude rotation due to prohibitive drag forces. We present mechanical designs, cost analyses ($500M-$50B), deployment timelines (5-30 years), and recommend a combined strategy of orbital 1g settlements with limited-duration surface operations. This work provides an engineering foundation for sustained human presence beyond Earth.