Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Assess Sustainable Agricultural Practice Adoption Among Cacao Farmers in Davao Region, Philippines: A PLS-SEM and Multivariate Probit Approach

Conventional agricultural intensification, driven by global demand, poses significant environmental and sustainability threats to the Philippine cacao sector. This study investigates the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) using a Theory of Planned Behavior framework; and the partial least squares structural equation model and multivariate probit model based on a survey of 271 farmers. Results reveal complex adoption patterns; while high-yielding varieties and irrigation show complementarity, substitution occurs between labor-intensive practices. A key theoretical finding is that perceived ecological benefits influence intention both directly and indirectly, yet personal attitude lacks a statistically significant direct effect on adoption intent. This suggests that adoption is driven more by social norms and structural constraints such as land ownership, income, and irrigation; than by individual preference. These findings emphasize that policy should address specific socio-economic barriers and resource interdependencies to foster long-term SAP adoption.