Effect of Moringa oleifera on the Restoration of Physicochemical Properties, Microbiota, and its Potential as a Nitrogen Biofertilizer in Soils in León, Nicaragua

Soil degradation is a global challenge that affects agricultural sustainability. Moringa oleifera has emerged as a promising species for bioremediation due to its adaptability and nutritional contribution. The study evaluated the impact of M. oleifera cultivation on the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological properties of soil in the department of León, Nicaragua. A comparative design was used between soils cultivated with Moringa and uncultivated soils (control). Physical, chemical (exchangeable bases, total nitrogen, organic matter), and microbiological parameters (rice traps for identification of fungi and bacteria) were analyzed. The soil under Moringa cultivation showed significant improvements: organic matter increased by 30.7% (from 1.56% to 2.04%) and total nitrogen increased dramatically from 0.01% to 0.15%. Available potassium doubled (2.29 meq/100g) and calcium increased by 42%. At the microbiological level, a transition was observed from a community dominated by phytopathogens (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.) to one rich in beneficial microorganisms (Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp.). In addition, foliar analysis determined that 300g of dry biomass provides 17.61g of nitrogen, equivalent to 38.28g of urea. M. oleifera acts as a comprehensive soil restorer and a viable alternative to synthetic fertilizers, promoting the transition to sustainable agricultural practices in tropical regions.