A Survey on Smart Agriculture Using IoT, AI and Modern Technologies

The traditional farming processes face difficulties meeting the food demands of the rising world population because of several factors, including lack of water resources, adverse weather conditions, poor agricultural productivity, and inefficient use of available resources. Therefore, there is an increasing tendency towards employing smart technology in agriculture, which will improve its effectiveness and sustainability. This survey paper explores several existing and emergent technologies used in smart agriculture, which include the Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, cloud computing, and drone technology. These technologies allow real-time monitoring of the fields, irrigation systems, health state and growth of crops, detection of plant diseases, and estimation of yields. The survey paper compares different types of smart agriculture approaches concerning their efficiency, scalability, energy consumption, and costs of implementation. The results reveal that the IoT and sensor networks are effective for monitoring the environmental parameters of the field, AI helps improve the quality of decisions and forecasts, and drones are beneficial for monitoring the growth of large crop areas. Nonetheless, the widespread use of smart agriculture technologies faces obstacles related to their high cost of implementation, lack of infrastructure, and low technical skills of workers.