تمثلات التفاؤل والتشاؤم في كتاب «ألف ليلة وليلة» وأبعادها الثقافية والاجتماعية

This study centers on the book "One Thousand and One Nights", reading and exploring it through the lens of popular beliefs, with the aim of shedding light on the phenomena of pessimism and optimism, clarifying their nature, and tracing their deep roots among peoples and societies of diverse cultural, religious, and social backgrounds.The research explains the reasons that led the characters of this folk work to pessimism or optimism, as well as the main motives behind such beliefs.It also identifies the manifestations of optimism and pessimism, and the objects, persons, and signs through which people expressed optimism or pessimism.The study further demonstrates the various effects experienced by the characters of the Nights' tales as a result of pessimism and optimism, and how these effects emerged through people's behaviors and their relationships with others.In addition, the research discusses the relationship between faith or official religion and the motives underlying beliefs in pessimism and optimism, focusing on the direct and indirect messages that the storytellers sought to convey to readers through these tales.