Understanding Cancer Through Biomarkers: Integrating Diagnostic Testing with Literature Analysis

This study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic significance of key cancer biomarkers-KRAS, BCR-ABL, PIVKA-II, and HPV-through literature review and laboratory-based molecular diagnostics.Real-time PCR and immunoassays were employed to analyze clinical samples for genetic, proteomic, and viral biomarkers.The findings revealed that KRAS mutations were identified in codon 12, while BCR-ABL fusion transcripts were detected in multiple blood samples, confirming leukemia diagnosis.Elevated PIVKA-II levels indicated hepatocellular carcinoma, and HPV 16 & 18 strains were identified in cervical samples.These results highlight the importance of molecular diagnostics in early detection and the planning of treatment.The study also highlights challenges in biomarker variability and sample size, and emphasizes the future potential of synthetic biomarkers and AI-based diagnostics in cancer care.