Local ‘Urf & ASEAN Madhahib Perspectives on Halal Gastronomy Exotic Foods

Given the rising demand for halal tourism and gastronomy in ASEAN, a diverse culinary heritage, yet the consumption of exotic foods such as civet (luwak) coffee, dancing shrimp, balut, and bee larvae presents challenges for shariah compliance. Comparative analysis of the four Sunni madhahib (Islamic juristic school) shows broad agreement in prohibiting predatory animals, birds of prey, frogs, snakes, most insects, and domesticated donkeys, while allowing locusts, horses, and most sea creatures with some nuanced differences. However, variations remain in classifying amphibians such as crocodiles and certain regional delicacies, where local ʿurf (customary practices) and madhahib interpretations influence permissibility. These differences contribute to shubhah (doubtful) classifications, inconsistent certification, and consumer uncertainty. Using a qualitative approach, the study draws on classical fiqh sources, contemporary fatwas, and cultural practices to map exotic food types and rulings across ASEAN. Findings highlight both areas of consensus and zones of divergence, underscoring the need for harmonized yet culturally sensitive halal governance. By bridging juristic knowledge with cultural realities, this study strengthens the integrity of halal gastronomy, promotes consumer trust, and supports responsible engagement with ASEAN’s diverse food heritage.