Green transformation as a strategic direction of public administration: analysis of institutional approaches and practical cases in Germany

The article examines green transformation as a priority direction of modern public administration through the prism of the German Energiewende, one of the most ambitious and comprehensive energy transition programs in the world. The relevance of the study is due to the global challenges of climate change, the need to transition to sustainable models of socio-economic development, the growing demands for decarbonization of the economy, and Ukraine’s need to form an effective system of public administration for environmental modernization in the context of European integration processes and post-war reconstruction. The German experience is particularly relevant for countries implementing transformational changes in the energy sector, as it demonstrates both the opportunities and challenges of large-scale systemic restructuring. The theoretical concepts of green transformation and energy transition are analyzed, as are the evolution of the German Energiewende policy from its first steps to its current stage of accelerated decarbonization, the multi-level institutional architecture for state management of the energy transition in Germany, and financial and economic mechanisms for stimulating renewable energy and energy efficiency. The role of federal and regional levels of government in coordinating transformation processes, and the participation of civil society, energy cooperatives, and local communities in the implementation of green energy projects, are highlighted. Key challenges and limitations of the German model are identified, including the high cost of energy transition for consumers, the technical difficulties of balancing the energy system with a large share of variable renewable sources, the social consequences of the closure of coal plants and the need to ensure a just transition for the affected regions, and dependence on energy imports during the transition period. It is argued that the success of the German green transformation is based on the synergy of a long-term strategic vision, consistent political support, strong financial mechanisms and investments in research and development, technological innovation and the development of its own green energy industry, broad public support and active participation of citizens in the transformation processes, which creates valuable lessons and practical recommendations for countries undertaking their own energy transition. Keywords: green transformation, public administration, Energiewende, renewable energy, institutional mechanisms, energy transition, Germany, sustainable development, ecological modernization, decarbonization.