Progress in the molecular mechanisms of tanshinone IIA in modulating digestive system diseases

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a bioactive lipophilic compound isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, demonstrates multitarget therapeutic effects encompassing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, and anti-neoplastic mechanisms, as evidenced by contemporary pharmacological research. With its unique anti-inflammatory advantages, Tan IIA has been widely used for the management of digestive disorders. This agent suppresses the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and disrupts inflammatory signaling cascades, thereby effectively mitigating disease progression across inflammation-driven pathologies. In addition, Tan IIA has demonstrated strong antitumor activity. This agent suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells through interference with oncogenic signaling pathways and the activation of apoptotic pathways, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential in oncology. Such multitarget and multi-mechanism action properties make Tan IIA a promising candidate for inflammation control and tumor suppression. This review elucidates Tan IIA’s mechanisms in gastric, hepatic, and intestinal pathologies, aiming to provide a scientific basis and reference for subsequent in-depth studies and clinical translation.