An interdisciplinary review of the development and applications of embedded three-dimensional printing technology

Embedded three-dimensional (3D) printing (EMB3D), also termed immersion 3D printing, overcomes the inherent limitations of extrusion-based methods by providing in situ support during deposition, thereby preventing structural collapse and enabling the fabrication of complex architectures from soft- or low-viscosity inks. This technology significantly enhances shape fidelity and expands the application of 3D printing in soft material systems. This review systematically examines the development, principles, classifications, and material properties of EMB3D, with a strong emphasis on its cross-disciplinary applications. While notable biomedical advances, such as tissue engineering, vascularized constructs, and patient-specific anatomical models, are thoroughly discussed, this review also highlights emerging uses in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and customized functional materials. By integrating the latest research and identifying underexplored avenues, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on the challenges and future trends of EMB3D, serving as a comprehensive and authoritative reference for researchers and engineers across multiple fields.