Multicapital vulnerability and social resilience in coastal Bone Bolango Regency, Indonesia

Small coastal settlements rely heavily on marine ecosystems yet are highly exposed to climate variability, market shocks, and resource depletion. This study evaluates the social resilience and livelihood vulnerability of small-scale fishers in Kabila Bone subdistrict, Bone Bolango Regency, using the multi-aspect sustainability analysis framework. We surveyed 91 fisher households across nine villages through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews, and constructed a composite sustainability index across five livelihood capitals. Results indicate that natural capital is the most sustainable (75.0%), followed by human (70.0%), social (60.0%), and physical (55.5%) capital, while financial capital scores the lowest (37.5%). These findings suggest that inclusive financial services, cold-chain and transport upgrades, and targeted capacity-building through local institutions are priorities to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity.