Metabolic improvements associated with low-carbohydrate diet in overweight and obese adults: Contributions to public health nutrition

Background: Overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) are major public health challenges associated with metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, and rising healthcare costs. Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have emerged as cost-effective strategies for prevention and treatment. Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of an LCD (≤130 g/day) on anthropometric, metabolic, hepatic, and renal parameters in OW and obese adults over 12 months. Methods: This open-label, non-randomized, self-controlled clinical trial included 34 adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 who received individualized nutritional counseling and followed an LCD for up to 12 months. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed at baseline and during follow-up (3–6 months and 7–12 months). Statistical analyses included generalized estimating equations and non-parametric tests with Bonferroni correction. Results: Participants achieved a mean weight loss of 10%, with reductions in BMI (−2.9 kg/m2), waist circumference (−5.4 cm), and body fat percentage. Glycated hemoglobin decreased at 7–12 months (p