Advances in monkeypox-related research: India’s strategic response and scientific contributions

The resurgence of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), caused by the mpox virus, has emerged as a global health concern, extending beyond its endemic regions and affecting countries such as India since 2022. Although less severe than smallpox, mpox shares clinical similarities with smallpox, complicating clinical diagnosis and reporting. Its rapid transmission, coupled with the absence of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies, underscores the urgent need for focused research and public health preparedness. This review synthesizes findings from over 350 publications originating from Indian institutions, highlighting progress in epidemiology, clinical characterization, genomic analysis, vaccine development, and public health strategies. It discusses breakthroughs in diagnostics, molecular studies, and therapeutic approaches, while identifying key challenges and future priorities. The World Health Organization’s declaration of mpox as a public health emergency of international concern in 2022 has catalyzed research efforts in India. Indian scientists have responded with a surge in publications, exploring viral pathogenesis, host interactions, and the development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines. The review also emphasizes the role of computational biology, artificial intelligence, and traditional medicine in shaping India’s response. India has made significant progress in mpox-related research, particularly in diagnostics, clinical management, and epidemiology. However, the absence of specific vaccines and antiviral treatments remains a critical gap. Continued investment in research, international collaboration, and policy innovation will be essential for developing effective containment and treatment strategies. With sustained efforts, India is well-positioned to make a meaningful contribution to global mpox control and preparedness.