Invariance of the Openness to Experience Scale in light of Missing Percentages, Imputation Methods, and Length of Scale

The current study aimed to determine the invariance of the openness to experience scale in light ofmissing value, imputation methods, and the length of the scale. The experimental method was followed,where students' responses were lost at different rates (10%, 20%, 30%) and imputation using two specificmethods: clustering imputation and MICE. The lengths of the scale were determined through a shorteningprocess. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of (911) male and female students from YarmoukUniversity in Jordan was selected, and the openness to experience scale was applied to them.The resultsshowed a correlation between the scale length and the level of invariance, and no correlation between themissing value and imputation missing and the level of invariance.In light of the results, the studyrecommends increasing the number of scale items, and using the clustering imputation and MICEmethods. Received: 15 December 2025 / Accepted: 02 February 2026 / Published: March 2026