Synthesis of Lead Zirconium Titanate [PbZr₀.₅₂Ti₀.₄₈O₃] (PZT) nano Powder by Sole-gel and Study the Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties

Lead Zirconium Titanate [PbZr₀.₅₂Ti₀.₄₈O₃] (PZT) nanocrystalline powder was successfully prepared using the sol-gel synthesis route. The obtained material was characterized through XRD, FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. The XRD and FTIR results confirm the formation of a pure perovskite PZT phase without any detectable pyrochlore impurities after calcination at 700 °C. XRD analysis further indicates that the material crystallizes in a tetragonal structure with an approximate crystallite size of 26.5 nm. FTIR spectra display characteristic metal–oxygen vibration bands in the 400–800 cm⁻¹ region, attributed to B–O bonding. The UV–Vis analysis shows an optical band gap close to 3 eV. SEM micrographs reveal that the particles exhibit a spherical morphology with noticeable agglomeration. Dielectric studies show that the PZT sample possesses a high dielectric constant, measured as k ≈ 817 at 100 Hz and decreasing to about k ≈ 740 at higher frequencies, while the dielectric loss remains low (D ≈ 0.02). Ferroelectric (P–E) hysteresis investigation for the pellet sintered at 700 °C shows a remanent polarization (Pr) of approximately 2.7 µC/cm², a saturation polarization (Ps) near 8 kV/cm, and a coercive field (Ec) of around 5.1 kV/cm.