Advances in Mass Concrete Foundations for Low-Frequency Rotary Machines: A Review of Rubberized Concrete and Shape Optimization

Mass concrete foundations are widely used to support low-frequency rotary machines due to their ability to provide adequate mass, stiffness, and vibration control. However, traditional design approaches are largely empirical and may lead to inefficient material usage or inadequate vibration performance. This research review critically evaluates existing studies on the optimization of mass concrete foundations through material modification and geometric refinement. Particular attention is given to the application of rubberized concrete, where partial replacement of mineral aggregates with recycled rubber has been shown to improve damping characteristics and energy dissipation under dynamic loading. The effects of foundation geometry, including rectangular and trapezoidal configurations, on natural frequency, vibration amplitudes, and soil–structure interaction are also examined. Numerical investigations based on Finite Element Analysis dominate the recent literature and provide valuable insight into stress distribution, resonance avoidance, and dynamic response prediction. The review identifies a lack of comprehensive studies combining material and geometric optimization within a unified framework for low-frequency machines. Design implications and future research needs are discussed to support the development of performance-oriented and sustainable machine foundation systems.