Career Pathways, Employment Challenges, and Advancement of Bachelor of Science in Criminology Graduates

This study investigated the career pathways, professional success, and employment challenges of Bachelor of Science in Criminology graduates from Tarlac State University. A mixed-methods explanatory sequential research design was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 316 graduates from the academic years 2016 to 2024 with qualitative insights from semi structured interviews. Quantitative data, analyzed using the Average Weighted Mean, revealed a high employment rate of 94% and strong professional self-efficacy, particularly in "power skills" like leadership and critical thinking (Mean 3.80). Qualitative findings, derived from thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke framework), identified a "triple barrier" of challenges: restrictive employment quotas, persistent gender stereotyping in role allocation, and the pervasive influence of nepotism and favoritism (the "Palakasan" system). The study concludes that while the academic program successfully prepares graduates with relevant skills, these systemic and cultural barriers create an "integrity gap" in the hiring process, often leading qualified individuals to work outside their target field. The findings suggest a need for transparent, merit-based recruitment processes to ensure the most competent leaders are integrated into public safety roles.