Meta-Analytic Guided Design of Green Synthesized Cu-Zn Nanoparticles from Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves' Extract and its Exploratory Antibacterial Activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae

The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, poses a critical global health threat and necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study explores the green synthesis of bimetallic copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, guided by a meta-analytic review of related literature. Existing studies on copper, zinc, and plant-mediated nanoparticles were systematically examined to identify synthesis parameters and antimicrobial trends relevant to MDR microorganisms. Based on the synthesized evidence, Cu-Zn nanoparticles were produced through an eco-friendly method and characterized in terms of size, shape, and structural properties. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was then evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae at varying metal ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Findings from the meta-analysis indicated an overall positive antimicrobial effect of green-synthesized metal nanoparticles despite heterogeneity across studies. Experimental results demonstrated that malunggay-mediated Cu-Zn nanoparticles exhibit inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggesting synergistic effects between copper and zinc components. This study highlights the potential of plant-based bimetallic nanoparticles as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. By integrating meta-analysis with laboratory synthesis, the research contributes to the growing field of green nanotechnology and supports the development of novel antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections.