The Role of Bacteria in Industry and Waste Treatment: Mechanisms, Applications, and Sustainability

This review explores the multifaceted roles of bacteria in industrial biotechnology and waste treatment highlighting their mechanisms, applications and contributions to sustainability. Bacteria with their diverse metabolic capabilities are central to bioprocesses producing valuable compounds like organic acids, biofuels, and bio plastics. in waste treatment they facilitate the removal of pollutants from wastewater through processes like anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding bacterial metabolism and ecology for optimizing these applications. It discusses bioprocessing, biocatalysis and the use of microbial consortia and biofilm engineering in enhancing efficiency and sustainability. by integrating industrial biotechnology and waste treatment, bacteria contribute to a circular economy where waste is transformed into valuable resources. the review identifies knowledge gaps and suggests paths for the sustainable use of bacteria in both sectors, promoting a more integrated and efficient approach.