OPERATING CONDITIONS AND MAIN DAMAGE MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES IN VACUUM DISTILLATION COLUMNS

Vacuum distillation columns are critical process units for the separation of heavy fractions in oil refining plants. The internal structures of these columns are subjected to significant mechanical and chemical stresses under high-temperature and coking conditions. Existing literature and industrial experience indicate that the design, material selection, and structural features of the internals directly affect the column’s durability, operational lifespan, and process efficiency. This paper provides a review of the main design principles, material properties, and damage mechanisms of internal structures in vacuum distillation columns under high-temperature conditions. Additionally, constructive optimization approaches and recommendations for future research are discussed. This review offers researchers and industrial engineers, preliminary insights into the behavior and optimization potential of vacuum column internals, while also forming the scientific foundation for a doctoral dissertation. Keywords: Vacuum distillation columns, mechanical and chemical stresses, durability, damage mechanisms, high-temperature.