Effects of 10k distance running on lower limb biomechanics and plantar pressure distribution

Purpose To investigate the time-series changes in lower limb joint kinematics, kinetics, and plantar pressure pre-10km and post-10km running, and report the biomechanical changes in the lower limb following long-distance running and provide a theoretical basis for injury prevention. Methods Twenty healthy male recreational runners completed a 10-km treadmill run at a speed of 12km/h. Lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and plantar pressure were collected pre-10km and post-10km running using Vicon motion capture system, Kistler force platform and Footscan pressure plate. Paired t-tests were used to analyze changes in joint range of motion (ROM) and moments, and statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d) was applied to examine time-series differences. Results Following a 10k run, the multi-dimensional biomechanical alterations were observed. Bilateral hip and knee adduction-abduction ROM increased significantly, while left hip int-ext rotation ROM decreased. Right hip extension, abduction, and internal rotation moments increased; and the left hip extension moment increased, but abduction and internal rotation moments decreased. Right knee flexion moment decreased and abduction moment increased, while left knee abduction moment increased. Right ankle plantarflexion moment increased significantly. Plantar loadings showed increased total pressure during early stance, elevated medial heel pressure, and reduced pressure in the first metatarsal and other toe regions. Conclusions A 10k distance run led to significant alterations in lower limb joint control, moment distribution, and plantar pressure patterns. These changes may be associated with increased injury risks, highlighting the importance of addressing biomechanical adaptations under fatigue conditions during training session and injury prevention strategies.