Strategies for enhancing China’s energy resilience: Trade-offs between diversification and localization

In recent years, intensified geopolitical conflicts worldwide have increasingly exposed the vulnerabilities of traditional energy security frameworks, necessitating a shift in perspective from “ensuring stable supply” to “building systemic resilience”. This study explores pathways to enhance China’s energy resilience, analyzes how diversification and localization strategies can strengthen national energy security, and reviews related policy practices. Building on this analysis and considering China’s current energy landscape, the study proposes that in the short term, emphasis should be placed on diversifying import sources and routes while strengthening domestic supply assurance. In the medium to long term, it is essential to accelerate the transition toward a renewable energy-dominated structure and rebuild global supply chains through greater technological autonomy. By adopting such a hybrid model that combines domestic assurance with global cooperation, China can balance short-term stability with long-term adaptability, thereby enhancing its energy resilience.