The Effect of Continuous Professional Development Programs on Nursing Competency in Critical Care in Kenyan Public Hospitals

Background: Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is essential for maintaining and enhancing nursing competency in critical care settings, particularly within resource-constrained public hospitals. However, evidence on how different CPD modalities influence nursing competency in Kenyan public hospitals remains fragmented. Objective: This scoping review examined the effects of formal training, informal learning, mentorship, and skills performance–focused CPD interventions on nursing competency in critical care units of Kenyan public hospitals. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Google Scholar, and relevant grey literature was undertaken for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies included qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research involving critical care nurses in public or tertiary hospitals and reporting at least one CPD-related intervention. Data were charted and synthesised descriptively. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence indicated that formal CPD interventions, such as postgraduate training, higher diploma programs, structured CPD courses, and simulation-based training, were associated with improved self-reported competence, technical skill performance, and selected patient care outcomes. Informal learning approaches, including bedside teaching, peer learning, and reflective practice, were commonly used but inconsistently supported due to staffing shortages and high workloads. Mentorship emerged as a critical facilitator of competency development; however, many newly qualified nurses reported limited access to structured mentorship and weak mentor–mentee relationships. Persistent gaps were noted in advanced critical care skills, leadership competencies, institutional support, and access to CPD opportunities. Conclusion: CPD positively influences nursing competency in critical care within Kenyan public hospitals, but its overall impact is constrained by systemic, organisational, and resource-related barriers. Strengthening formal training pathways, institutionalising mentorship, and improving supportive work environments are necessary to optimise CPD outcomes and enhance the quality of critical care nursing.