Countering Radicalism: Pakistan’s Pursuit of Peace and Stability

The global rise of radicalization has called for a deeper understanding of its complexities, particularly in Pakistan, where various extremist ideologies and groups operate. This study undertakes an inclusive examination of the factors driving radicalization in Pakistan, drawing on insights from policymakers, journalists, academics, security officials involved in countering violent extremism, and both government and non-government organizations. Through the lens of structural functionalism and critical terrorism studies, this study explores the functional needs of the state in countering radicalism in Pakistan, including the socialization of education, social control, and the role of law enforcement agencies. By employing a qualitative research approach through semi-structured and in-depth interviews, this study highlights that radicalization in Pakistan results from a complex interaction of historical, geographical, security, geopolitical, and foreign factors. Moreover, key socio-economic, political, and religious factors are identified as primary drivers, often interacting and exacerbating one another. The findings underscore the need for an all-inclusive strategy to address radicalization in Pakistan, with a focus on customized deradicalization approaches that reflect the country’s unique context. The study further suggests that policymakers and practitioners must also consider the interconnectedness of these factors to effectively mitigate radicalization.