Human Capital and Social Capital Theories: Theoretical Foundations, International Experience, And the Development Model of Uzbekistan

This article provides a scientific analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of human capital and social capital theories, as well as their impact on economic growth, labor market efficiency, and institutional development. The study examines and compares classical approaches to human capital developed by T. Schultz and G. Becker, Paul Romer’s endogenous growth model, and social capital concepts proposed by P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman, and R. Putnam, revealing their interconnections and complementary nature. Based on international practice, the influence of human and social capital on national competitiveness is substantiated through indicators such as the Human Capital Index (HCI), years of schooling, life expectancy, social trust, and civic engagement. Particular attention is paid to the role of education quality and health investment as key drivers of sustainable economic development. Using the example of Uzbekistan, the article discusses priority areas including investment in education and healthcare, increasing youth and female participation in the labor market, the role of the mahalla institution in shaping social capital, and the importance of collective participation mechanisms in strengthening social cohesion. The findings highlight that the integrated development of human and social capital is a crucial factor for inclusive growth and long-term socio-economic transformation in Uzbekistan.