[Advances in the prevention and treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with cellular and novel targeted immunotherapy].

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a severe complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and traditional corticosteroid therapy often demonstrates limited efficacy. This review highlights the recent advances in cellular and targeted immunotherapies for aGVHD. Mesenchymal stem cells show considerable efficacy in steroid-resistant aGVHD and are already in clinical use. Regulatory T cells (Treg), including CAR-engineered Tregs, effectively induce immune tolerance and reduce GVHD incidence. Targeted agents, such as CTLA-4 fusion proteins and α4β7 integrin antibodies, mitigate severe aGVHD by blocking immune activation or T-cell homing. Additionally, tissue-repair factors (e.g., IL-22, GLP-2 analogs) and immunomodulatory molecules (e.g., α1-antitrypsin) offer novel strategies that combine tissue protection with immunomodulation. Collectively, these innovative therapies are driving aGVHD treatment toward precision, high efficacy, and low toxicity, demonstrating a promising clinical potential.