Enhancing Fire Resistance of Bio-Composite (Wood Based) for Interior Applications: A Review & Future Directions

Wood-based bio-composites are gaining widespread use in interior applications due to their sustainability, lightweight structure, and aesthetic appeal; however, their inherent flammability poses a significant fire hazard. This review examines the latest advancements in enhancing the fire resistance of wood-based bio-composites through the incorporation of eco-friendly additives and structural modifications. The study highlights several promising flame-retardant strategies, including the use of alginate-based composites, phytic acid formulations, biosilica epoxy systems, and nano-silica–reinforced jute hybrids. Comparative analysis of key fire performance parameters—such as Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Smoke Production Rate (SPR)—reveals that additives like magnesium hydroxide (MDH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) considerably enhance fire resistance while maintaining mechanical integrity. The integration of nanomaterials and bio-derived flame retardants further improves thermal stability and smoke suppression efficiency. This review concludes that optimizing additive selection and dispersion can yield safer, more sustainable wood composites suitable for interior applications, contributing to improved building safety and environmental protection. Future research should focus on hybrid additive systems, cost-effective processing, and life-cycle assessment to ensure practical scalability and regulatory compliance.