Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Insulin Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, leading to serious complications affecting eyes, kidneys, nerves, and the cardiovascular system. Major advancements in diabetes care began with the discovery of insulin in 1921, transforming Type 1 Diabetes from a fatal disease to a manageable condition. However, conventional insulin therapy still struggles to mimic precise physiological glucose–insulin regulation. To overcome this limitation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in personalized insulin therapy, enabling real-time, data-driven treatment adjustments. Smart Insulin Pumps, or Artificial Pancreas Systems, utilize CGM feedback combined with AI algorithms for automated insulin delivery, significantly improving glycemic control and reducing hypoglycemia compared to traditional methods. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) integrated with AI enhances glucose trend prediction and enables closed-loop therapy for both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes patients. AI-based mobile health applications further support self- management by offering real-time alerts, behavioral guidance, and remote clinician monitoring. Predictive analytics now allow anticipation of hypo/hyperglycemia up to 120 minutes in advance, enabling personalized dose titration and reducing clinical inertia. Additionally, AI-driven Clinical Decision Support Systems (AI-CDSS) improve inpatient and outpatient insulin therapy safety by minimizing dosing errors and standardizing care workflows. Overall, integration of AI with advanced delivery devices and digital platforms marks a transformative shift from reactive to predictive and preventive diabetes management. These evolving technologies aim to achieve fully autonomous, closed-loop insulin therapy, improving quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals with diabetes.